Which term guards against improper information modification or destruction and includes ensuring information non-repudiation and authenticity?

• A. Integrity
• B. Least Privilege
• C. Forensics
• D. Firewalls

Answer: (A)

Integrity is the concept that guards against improper information modification or destruction by ensuring data remains accurate and complete and that any changes can be detected or prevented. It also ties in with non-repudiation and authenticity: digital signatures, hash values, and audit trails provide proof of origin and integrity, so a sender cannot deny sending data and a recipient can verify the data truly comes from a legitimate source and has not been altered. The other options address different goals—least privilege limits who can do what, forensics deals with investigating after an incident, and firewalls control network traffic—none of which directly ensure data remains unmodified, while also guaranteeing non-repudiation and authenticity.