Which term describes guarding against information modification or destruction and includes ensuring non-repudiation and authenticity?

• A. Digital Signatures
• B. Integrity
• C. Firewalls
• D. Ethics

Answer: (B)

Integrity centers on keeping information accurate, complete, and trustworthy by preventing unauthorized modification or destruction. It also encompasses mechanisms that ensure non-repudiation and authenticity, so you can prove who created the data and that it hasn’t been altered. Digital signatures are a practical tool that provide non-repudiation and authenticity, reinforcing integrity, but they are a means to achieve those goals rather than the broad concept itself. Firewalls address network boundaries and do not guarantee data integrity or verify origins, so they don’t capture this property. Ethics relates to behavior and compliance rather than the technical protection of information.